Le informazioni nella sezione "Riassunto" possono far riferimento a edizioni diverse di questo titolo.
1. Scientific Understanding of Behavior
Uses of Research Methods
The Scientific Approach
Goals of Science
Basic and Applied Research
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
Answers
2. Where to Start
Hypotheses and Predictions?
Who We Study: A Note on Terminology
Source of Ideas
Library Research
anatomy of a Research Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
3. Ethical Research
milgram's Obedience Experiment
The Belmont Report>/h4>
Assessment of Risks and Benefits
Informed Consent
The Importance of Debriefing
Alternatives to Deception
Justice and the Selection of Participants
Researcher Commitments
Federal Regulations and the Institutional Review Board
APA Ethics Code
Research with Human Participants
Ethics and Animal Research
Risks and Benefits Revisited
Misrepresentation: Fraud and Plagiarism
Ethical Issues: Illustrative Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
Answers
4. Studying Behavior
Validity: An Introduction
Variables
Operational Definitions of Variables
Relationships Between Variables
Nonexperimental Versus Experimental Methods
Independent and Dependent Variables
Internal Validity: Inferring Causality
External Validity
Choosing a Method
Evaluating Research: Summary of the Three Validities
Studying Behavior: Illustrative Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
Answers 5. Measurement Concepts
Reliability of Measures
Construct Validity of Measures
Research on Personality and Individual Differences
Reactivity of Measures
Variables and Measurement Scales
Measurement Concepts: Illustrative Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
6. Observational Methods
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
Naturalistic Observation
Systematic Observation
Case Studies
Archival Research
Observational Methods: Illustrative Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
Answers7. Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
Why Conduct Surveys?
Constructing Questions to Ask
Responses to Questions
Finalizing the Questionnaire
Administering Surveys
Survey Designs to Study Changes Over Time
Sampling From a Population
Sampling Techniques
Evaluating Samples
Reasons for Using Convenience Samples
Survey Research: Illustrative Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
Answers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal Validity
Basic Experiments
Assigning Participants to Experimental Conditions
Independent Groups Design
Repeated Measures Design
Matched Pairs Design
Experimental Design: Illustrative Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research Participants
Manipulating the Independent Variable
Measuring the Dependent Variable
Additional Controls
Additional Considerations
Analyzing and Interpreting Results
Communicating Research to Others
Conducting Experiments: Illustrative Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
Answers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent Variable
Increasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial Designs
Illustrative Article: Complex Experimental Designs
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
Answers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental Designs
Program Evaluation
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Developmental Research Designs
Illustrative Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research Investigations
Frequency Distributions
Descriptive Statistics
Graphing Relationships
Correlation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of
Relationships
Effect Size
Regression Equations
Multiple Correlation / Regression
Partial Correlation and the Third-Variable Problem
Structural Equation Modeling
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
Answers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and Populations
Inferential Statistics
Null and Research Hypotheses
Probability and Sampling Distributions
Example: The T and F Tests
Type I and Type Ii Errors
Choosing a Significance Level
Interpreting Nonsignificant Results
Choosing a Sample Size: Power Analysis
The Importance of Replications
Significance of a Pearson R Correlation Coefficient
Computer Analysis of Data
Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Test
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research
Participants
Cultural Considerations
Generalizing to Other Experimenters
Pretests and Generalization
Generalizing from Laboratory Settings
The Importance of Replications
Evaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and
Meta-Analyses
Using Research to Improve Lives
Generalizing Results: Illustrative Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing Style
Organization of the Report
The Use of Headings
Citing and Referencing Sources
Abbreviations
Some Grammatical Considerations
Reporting Numbers and Statistics
Conclusion
Paper and Poster Presentations
Sample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive Statistics
Statistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical Tables
Table C.1 Critical Values of Chi-Square
Table C.2 Critical Values of T
Table C.3 Critical Values of F
Table C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment
Correlation Coef¿cient)
Glossary
References
Credits
Index
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